HSRP配置、三层交换配置HSRP、STP的配置、三层交换配置STP

一、HSRP配置

目标：

在企业网络到外部的连接方案中，要求不高的条件下可以是单出口。一旦该出口线路出现问题，整个企业网络就不能连接到外网了。为了使得企业网络到外网连接的高可用性，可以设置两个以上的出口，然而多个出口对于内网主机意味着我个网关。主机不能同时使用多个网关，当主机所使用的网关出现故障时，它不能实现网关的自动切换。

配置热备份路由协议

方案：

在出口设备上配置热备份路由协议（HSRP），组成一个HSRP组，组内两个出口设备共享一个虚拟IP地址，该IP地址作为内网主机的网关。

HSRP组成员有主备之分，虚拟IP地址被附加到主设备上。如果主设备线路出故障，备份设备会成为主设备，虚拟IP地址也会迁移过来。这样，不管哪一个出口设备出现问题，不管哪个出口设备在提供外网接入，内网主机的网关都不需要改变。

网络拓扑图如下图所示：

步骤：

步骤一：分别在三台路由器上配置端口IP地址

tarena-R1(config)# interface f0/0
tarena-R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.252 255.255.255.0
tarena-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
tarena-R1(config-if)#interface f0/1
tarena-R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
tarena-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
tarena-R2(config)#interface f0/0
tarena-R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0
tarena-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
tarena-R2(config-if)#interface f0/1
tarena-R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
tarena-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
tarena-R3(config)#interface f0/0
tarena-R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
tarena-R3(config-if)#no shutdown
tarena-R3(config-if)#interface f0/1
tarena-R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
tarena-R3(config-if)#no shutdown
tarena-R3(config-if)#interface f1/0
tarena-R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.254 255.255.255.0
tarena-R3(config-if)#no shutdown

步骤二：在R1和R2上配置到外网的默认路由

tarena-R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2
tarena-R1(config)#end
tarena-R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGPi - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODRP - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.1.2 to network 0.0.0.0
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
S*   0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
tarena-R1#
tarena-R2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.3.2
tarena-R2(config)#exit
tarena-R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGPi - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODRP - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.2.2 to network 0.0.0.0
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
S*   0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.3.2

步骤三：在R3上配置到企业内网的静态路由

tarena-R3(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
tarena-R3(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1
tarena-R3(config)#end
tarena-R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGPi - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODRP - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
S    192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.1[1/0] via 192.168.3.1
C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
C    192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0
tarena-R3#

步骤四：在R1上配置HSRP，指定其优先级为200

HSRP的默认优先级为100，路由器启动后，根据优先级决定谁可以成为活跃路由器，优先级高的将胜出。如果路由器优先级相同，再比较端口IP地址，IP地址大的成为活路跃路由器。

另外，如果优先级低的路由器先启动了，它将成为活跃路由器。优先级高的路由器启动后，发现已有活跃路由器存在，它将接受现状，直到活跃路由器出现故障它才会在重新选举时成为活跃角色。

tarena-R1(config)#interface f0/0
tarena-R1(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254
tarena-R1(config-if)#standby 1 priority 200
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/0 Grp 1 state Speak -> Standby
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/0 Grp 1 state Standby -> Active

配置HSRP后，通过输出日志可以观察到路由器角色的改变。

步骤五：在R2上配置HSRP，指定其优先级为195

tarena-R2(config)#interface f0/0
tarena-R2(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254
tarena-R2(config-if)#standby 1 priority 195
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/0 Grp 1 state Speak -> Standby

步骤六：分别在R1和R2上查看HSRP信息

tarena-R1#show standby brief P indicates configured to preempt.|
Interface   Grp  Pri P State    Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/0        1    200   Active   local           192.168.1.253     192.168.1.254
tarena-R2#show standby brief P indicates configured to preempt.|
Interface   Grp  Pri P State    Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/0        1    195   Standby  192.168.2.252     local           192.168.1.254

步骤七：在内部主机上测试到外网主机的连通性

SERVER>ipconfig
FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::207:ECFF:FE80:557D
IP Address......................: 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 192.168.1.254
PC>ping 192.168.4.1
Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from  192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
Reply from  192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
Reply from  192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
Reply from  192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
Ping statistics for  192.168.4.1Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms

步骤八：在R1配置端口跟踪、R2配置占先权

tarena-R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
tarena-R1(config-if)#standby 1 track f0/1
tarena-R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
tarena-R2(config-if)#standby 1 preempt

步骤九：关闭R1的f0/1接口，模拟设备故障，查看R2的HSRP信息

tarena-R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
tarena-R1(config-if)#shutdown
tarena-R2#show standby brief P indicates configured to preempt.|
Interface   Grp  Pri P State    Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/0        1    195   Active   local           unknown         192.168.1.254

结果显示R2已成为活跃路由器，而备份路由器状态未知。虚拟路由器的IP地址192.168.1.254/24也已迁移到R2上了。

步骤十：在R1配置占先权，并激活R1的f0/1接口并查状态

备份路由器成为活跃路由器后，原来的活跃路由器R1即使线路修复也不会重新成为进入活跃状态。

为了使路由器完全根据优先级来决定其状态，需要配置占先权。占先权保证了严格根据优先级来决定哪台设备进入活跃状态。

tarena-R1(config)#interface f0/0
tarena-R1(config-if)#standby 1 preempt
tarena-R1(config)#interface f0/1
tarena-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
tarena-R1#show standby brief P indicates configured to preempt.|
Interface   Grp  Pri P State    Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/0        1    200   Active   local           192.168.1.253     192.168.1.254

二、三层交换配置HSRP

目标：

以三层交换机代替路由器作为网关设备。

方案：

以三层交换机代替路由器作为网关设备，以vlan1作为网关接口

网络拓扑如下图所示：

步骤：

步骤一：分别为三层交换机和路由器配置IP并开启三层交换机路由功能。

SM1(config)#ip routing
SM1(config)#interface vlan 1
SM1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.252 255.255.255.0
SM1(config-if)#no shutdown
SM1(config-if)#eixt
SM1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
SM1(config-if)#no switchport 
SM1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
SM1(config-if)#no shutdown
SM2(config)#ip routing
SM2(config)#interface vlan 1
SM2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0
SM2(config-if)#no shutdown 
SM2(config-if)#exit
SM2(config)#interface f0/1
SM2(config-if)#no switchport 
SM2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown 
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

步骤二：在三层交换机和路由器上配置动态路由，在路由器上查看路由表。

SM1(config)#router rip 
SM1(config-router)#version 2
SM1(config-router)#no auto-summary 
SM1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
SM1(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
SM2(config)#router rip 
SM2(config-router)#version 2
SM2(config-router)#no auto-summary 
SM2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
SM2(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
Router(config)#router rip 
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router(config-router)#no auto-summary 
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0
Router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.1, 00:00:10, FastEthernet0/1[120/1] via 192.168.2.1, 00:00:04, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
C 192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0

步骤三：在三层交换机vlan1中配置虚拟网关并设置优先级和占先权

SM1(config)#interface vlan 1
SM1(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254
SM1(config-if)#standby 1 priority 200
SM1(config-if)#standby 1 preempt
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: Vlan1 Grp 1 state Speak -> Standby
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: Vlan1 Grp 1 state Standby -> Active
SM2(config)#interface vlan 1
SM2(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: Vlan1 Grp 1 state Speak -> Standby
SM2(config-if)#standby 1 priority 195
SM2(config-if)#standby 1 preempt

步骤四：在三层交换机vlan1中配置端口跟踪，关闭被跟踪接口并查看SM1的HSRP状态

当三层交换机SM1并没有故障，而是上连端口f0/1接口线路损坏时主备无法快速切换，所以要在主设备上配置端口跟踪，确保当主设备线路出现问题时备份设备可以快速切换身份

SM1(config)#interface vlan 1
SM1(config-if)#standby 1 track f0/1
SM1(config)#interface f0/1
SM1(config-if)#shutdown
SM1(config-if)#end
SM1#show standby brief 
P indicates configured to preempt.
Interface  Grp   Pri    P    State       Active          Standby      Virtual IP
Vl1 1       1     190    P    Standby   192.168.1.253    local       192.168.1.254 
SM1#

步骤五：测试网路连通性

模拟主设备故障或被跟踪的端口故障时测试网络的连通性，确保备份设备被启用

server>ping 192.168.4.1
Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=14ms TTL=126
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=15ms TTL=126
Ping statistics for 192.168.4.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 15ms, Average = 7ms

三、STP的配置

目标：

二层网络中有可能出现因为线路故障而导致的通信故障，通过冗余线路可以消除因为某一线路故障而导致的网络中断。

但是因为冗余线路的存在，又可能会出现广播风暴、相同帧的不断复制和MAC地址表不稳定。

配置Switch1为vlan1的主根，Switch2为vlan1的次根
方案：

为了保证在冗余环境下不会出广播风暴等问题，引入了生成树（STP）协议。通过生成树协议可以把冗余线路上的某一个端口置为阻塞（BLOCKING）状态，防止广播风暴的产生，当某一线路出现故障时，被阻塞的端口自动进入转发（FORWARDING）状态，保证网络的畅通性。

网络拓扑如下图所示：

步骤：

步骤一：将三台交换机相连的端口配置为中继端口

tarena-sw1(config)#interface range f0/12 -13
tarena-sw1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
tarena-sw2(config)#interface range f0/12, f0/23
tarena-sw2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
tarena-sw3(config)#interface range f0/13 ,f0/23
tarena-sw3(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

步骤二：调整优先级设置tarena-sw1为根网桥

根网桥唯一的依据是BID最小。BID分为两个部分：优先级+MAC地址。比较BID时，先比较优先级，如果优先级相同才比较MAC地址。

优先级取值范围是0到65535，默认值为32768。在查看优先级时，即使是默认值看到的也不是32768，因为交换机的优先级采用系统优先级+VLAN编号的方式，所以查看到的VLAN1默认优先级是32769（系统优先级32768+VLAN编号1）。

tarena-sw1(config)# spanning-tree vlan 1 priority 28672 
tarena-sw1(config)#exit
tarena-sw1#show spanning-tree 
VLAN0001Spanning tree enabled protocol ieeeRoot ID   Priority    28673   //默认优先级为32768Address     0060.478B.607BThis bridge is the rootHello Time  2 sec  Max Age 20 sec  Forward Delay 15 secBridge ID  Priority    28673  (priority 24576 sys-id-ext 1)Address     0060.478B.607BHello Time  2 sec  Max Age 20 sec  Forward Delay 15 secAging Time  20
Interface        Role   Sts   Cost      Prio.Nbr   Type
-----------    ------  --- --------   --------  ----------------------
Fa0/13           Desg    FWD    19        128.13     P2p
Fa0/12           Desg    FWD    19        128.12     P2p

查看到的结果，Root ID部分指的是根网桥信息，Bridge ID部分是当前所操作的交换机信息，如果二者一致表示当前操作的交换机就是根网桥。

四、三层交换配置STP

目标：

配置Switch1为vlan1的次根，Switch2为vlan1的次根。

配置Switch1为vlan2的次根，Switch2为vlan2的次根

方案：

如图网络拓扑如下图所示：

步骤：

步骤一：将四台交换机相连的端口配置为中继端口，分别创建vlan2

SM1(config)#vlan 2
SM1(config)#exit
SM1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-3
SM1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
SM1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
SM2(config)#vlan 2
SM2(config)#exit
SM2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-3
SM2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
SM2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
Switch1(config)#vlan 2
Switch1(config)#exit
Switch1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-2
Switch1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
Switch2(config)#vlan 2
Switch2(config)#exit
Switch2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-2
Switch2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

步骤二：设置SM1为vlan1的主根vlan2的次根，设置SM2为vlan2的主根vlan1的次根并查看

SM1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary 
SM1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 2 root secondary
SM1#show spanning-tree 
VLAN0001
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID Priority 24577
Address 00D0.972A.43E5
This bridge is the root
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority 24577 (priority 24576 sys-id-ext 1)
Address 00D0.972A.43E5
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Aging Time 20
Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/2 Desg FWD 19 128.2 P2p
Fa0/3 Desg FWD 19 128.3 P2p
Fa0/1 Desg FWD 19 128.1 P2p
VLAN0002
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID Priority 24578
Address 00E0.F9CE.7424
Cost 19
Port 3(FastEthernet0/3)
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority 28674 (priority 28672 sys-id-ext 2)
Address 00D0.972A.43E5
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Aging Time 20
Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/2 Desg FWD 19 128.2 P2p
Fa0/3 Root FWD 19 128.3 P2p
Fa0/1 Desg FWD 19 128.1 P2p
SM2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root secondary 
SM2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 2 root primary 
SM2#show spanning-tree
VLAN0001
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID Priority 24577
Address 00D0.972A.43E5
Cost 19
Port 3(FastEthernet0/3)
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority 28673 (priority 28672 sys-id-ext 1)
Address 00E0.F9CE.7424
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Aging Time 20
Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/2 Desg FWD 19 128.2 P2p
Fa0/1 Desg FWD 19 128.1 P2p
Fa0/3 Root FWD 19 128.3 P2p
VLAN0002
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID Priority 24578
Address 00E0.F9CE.7424
This bridge is the root
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority 24578 (priority 24576 sys-id-ext 2)
Address 00E0.F9CE.7424
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Aging Time 20
Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/2 Desg FWD 19 128.2 P2p
Fa0/1 Desg FWD 19 128.1 P2p
Fa0/3 Desg FWD 19 128.3 P2p

查看到的结果，Root ID部分指的是根网桥信息，Bridge ID部分是当前所操作的交换机信息，如果二者一致表示当前操作的交换机就是根网桥。

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