[py]pyweb框架本质-tornado框架初探
py实现服务器
先看下web框架本质
- web框架=wsgi+业务逻辑处理
- 有些web框架自带 wsgi+业务逻辑处理
- 有些框架只有 业务逻辑处理,跑起来需要借助第三方符合wsgi规范的webserver
写一个简单的webserver
py中wsgiref模块实现了wsgi.但在py2.x好使.py3.x不好用.
代码逻辑
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8from wsgiref.simple_server import make_serverdef RunServer(environ, start_response):start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])url = environ["PATH_INFO"]if url=="/new":msg = "new"elif url=="/bbs":msg="bbs"else:msg="404"return msgif __name__ == '__main__':httpd = make_server('', 8003, RunServer)print("Serving HTTP on port 8003...")httpd.serve_forever()
效果
进一步优化,目的:不修改Runserver逻辑.
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8from wsgiref.simple_server import make_serverdef new():return "new"def bbs():return "bbs"urls = {"/new": new,"/bbs": bbs,
}def RunServer(environ, start_response):start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])url = environ["PATH_INFO"]if url in urls.keys():func_name = urls[url]ret = func_name()else:ret = "404"return retif __name__ == '__main__':httpd = make_server('', 8003, RunServer)print("Serving HTTP on port 8003...")httpd.serve_forever()
列表试验:
- for i in alis.key()
- for i in alis.value()
- for i in []: 判断是否在列表中
实现类似框架思想
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8def show():return "show info"def new():return "new info"urls = {"/new": new,"/bbs": show,
}def Runserver(url):if url in urls.keys():fun_name = urls[url]return fun_name()else:return "404"print Runserver("/new")
毛台框架实现–实现mvc拆分
└─maotai│ 01new.html│ controller.py│ controller.pyc│ start.py│ urls.py│ urls.pyc│ views.py│ __init__.py│└─views
controller.py逻辑处理
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\maotai>type controller.py#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8def new():# return "new"f=open("./01new.html",'r')data = f.read()f.close()return datadef bbs():return "bbs"
urls.py url路由器
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\maotai>type urls.py#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8import controller
urls={"/new":controller.new,"/bbs":controller.bbs,
}start.py wsgi服务器
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\maotai>type start.py#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
from urls import urls
def RunServer(environ, start_response):start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])url = environ["PATH_INFO"]if url in urls.keys():msg=urls[url]()else:msg="404"return ""
+msg+""if __name__ == '__main__':httpd = make_server('', 8003, RunServer)print("Serving HTTP on port 8000...")httpd.serve_forever()
小结:
- wsgi接待请求start.py–>根据请求url分发到路由系统urls.py–>路由分发到各个业务逻辑层controller.py
实现template阶段一: 动态获取数据-显示时间
controller.py 业务逻辑层
import os
import time
...def bbs():f=open(os.path.join("views","bbs.html"),'r') ## 这里是路径的jiondata = f.read()f.close()data=data.replace("{{item}}", str(time.time()))return data
bbs.html 模板
bbs.html
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>bbstitle><style>.box{width: 200px;height: 200px;background-color: pink;}style>
head>
<body>
<h1>now: {{item}}h1>
<div class="box">this is bbsdiv>
body>
html>实现template阶段二:配合jinj2
pip install jinja2/root/.pip/pip.conf[global]
index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.comcontorller.py逻辑处理
# contorller.pydef bbs():f = open(os.path.join("views", "bbs.html"), 'r')data = f.read()f.close()tmp=Template(data)data=tmp.render(name="maotai",user_list=['aaron','bob','cristin','danny'])return data.encode("utf-8")bbs.html template模板
在模板中实现了数据的逻辑处理
bbs.html
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>bbstitle><style>.box{width: 200px;height: 200px;background-color: pink;}style>
head>
<body>
<h1>name: {{ name }}h1>
<ul>{% for user in user_list %}<li>{{ user }}li>{% endfor %}
ul>
body>
html>tornado
参考:
武老师tornado快速入门
tornado返回字符串
这里我用py3
self.write
pyweb.py#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web# controller 业务逻辑处理
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("Hello, world")# urls 路由系统 路由映射
application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
])# wsgi 服务器
if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
tornado返回html
controller.py
self.render
pyweb.py#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render("bbs.html")application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
])if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
template模板 bbs.html
# bbs.html
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>bbstitle><style>.box{width: 200px;height: 200px;background-color: pink;}style>
head>
<body>
<div class="box">div>
ul>
body>
html>tornano使用setting设置绝对路径
- 实现template路径的配置
├── template
│ └── bb.html
└── tornado_demo.py业务模块tornado_demo.py
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\d2\tornado>type tornado_demo.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web# 业务逻辑处理模块
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")self.render("bbs.html")def post(self):self.write("hello post")# 配置选项模块
settings = {"template_path":"template", #模板路径配置
}# 路由模块
application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),],** settings
)## wsgi模块
if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()template模块 template/bb.html
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\d2\tornado>type template/bb.html# template/bbs.html
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>bbstitle><style>.box{width: 200px;height: 200px;background-color: pink;}style>
head>
<body>
<div class="box">div>
ul>
body>
html>tornado静态路径配置
- 存放css js等. 该框架需要对这些文件做路径配置,不然html找不到js等.
新建static,将common.css存放在其下
├── static
│ └── common.css
├── template
│ └── bb.html
└── tornado_demo.py配置选项
settings = {"template_path":"template","static_path":"static",
}template搜索js/css文件
前端会渲染成这样的路径static/common.css
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>bbstitle><link rel="stylesheet" href="static/common.css"> //这里就可以找到了<style>.box{width: 200px;height: 200px;background-color: pink;}style>
head>
<body>
<div class="box">div>
ul>
body>
html>静态文件设置前缀和静态文件缓存
settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': 'sss', ## 像是static_path的一个别名
}前端会渲染成这样的路径sss/common.css
<link rel="stylesheet" href="sss/common.css">前端修改真正意义的静态文件路径
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />前端渲染效果:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/sss/common.css?v=a147e9674a95a28fc274cb8e1f4c94c2">后面的v=xx做缓存用.当css发生变动时,这里才重新请求css文件.
一份完整的code
tonordo_demo.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web# 业务逻辑处理模块
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")self.render("bbs.html")def post(self):self.write("hello post")# 配置选项模块
settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/sss/',
}# 路由模块
application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),],** settings
)## wsgi模块
if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()static/common.css
body{background-color: #aaa;
}template/bbs.html
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>bbstitle><link rel="stylesheet" href="{{static_url("common.css")}}"><style>.box{width: 200px;height: 200px;background-color: pink;}style>
head>
<body>
<div class="box">div>body>
html>传数据到template–表单提交
实现简单效果:
逻辑如下图:
tornado逻辑处理模块
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")self.render("bbs.html")def post(self,*args,**kwargs):print "post"self.write("hello post")
template表单
<body><form method="post" action="/index"><input type="text"><input type="submit" value="提交">form>
body>完整的code
tornado模块
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web# 业务逻辑处理模块
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")self.render("bbs.html")def post(self,*args,**kwargs):print("post")self.write("hello post")# 配置选项模块
settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/sss/',
}# 路由模块
application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),],** settings
)## wsgi模块
if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()template/bbs.html
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>bbstitle><link rel="stylesheet" href="{{static_url("common.css")}}"><style>.box {width: 200px;height: 200px;background-color: pink;}style>
head>
<body><form method="post" action="/index"><input type="text" name="name"><input type="submit" value="提交">form>
body>
html>传数据到template–展示数据-静态数组
将静态数据传到template展示
def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")self.render("bbs.html",names=[1,2,3,4,5])def post(self,*args,**kwargs):name = self.get_argument("name")INPUT_LIST.append(name)self.write("hello post")
template循环遍历数组
<h1>添加数据h1>
<form method="post" action="/index"><input type="text" name="name"><input type="submit" value="提交">
form>
<h1>展示数据h1>{% for name in names %}<li>{{ name }}li>{% end %}
ul>传数据到template–展示数据-展示前台添加的数据
INPUT_LIST=[]
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST)def post(self,*args,**kwargs):name = self.get_argument("name")INPUT_LIST.append(name)self.render("bbs.html", names=INPUT_LIST)
<h1>添加数据h1>
<form method="post" action="/index"><input type="text" name="name"><input type="submit" value="提交">
form>
<h1>展示数据h1>{% for name in names %}<li>{{ name }}li>{% end %}
ul>传数据到template 通过get提交数据&展示数据
<body>
<h1>添加数据h1>
<form method="get" action="/index"><input type="text" name="username"><input type="text" name="password"><input type="submit" value="提交">
form>
<h1>展示数据h1>{% for name in names %}<li>{{ name }}li>{% end %}
ul>
body>完整的code:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webINPUT_LIST=[]class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):name = self.get_argument("name")INPUT_LIST.append(name)# self.write("Hello, world")self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST)# 配置选项模块
settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/sss/',
}# 路由模块
application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),],** settings
)## wsgi模块
if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()<body>
<h1>添加数据h1>
<form method="get" action="/index"><input type="text" name="name"><input type="submit" value="提交">
form>
<h1>展示数据h1>{% for name in names %}<li>{{ name }}li>{% end %}通过浏览器提交数据
# 通过浏览器提交数据
http://127.0.0.1:8888/index?username=123&password=123456
通过以下代码,可以打印出提交的数据
INPUT_LIST=[]
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")print self.get_argument("username")print self.get_argument("password")self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST)
通过get方法实现数据的提交和展示
INPUT_LIST=[]
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")username= self.get_argument("username")password= self.get_argument("password")INPUT_LIST.append(username)INPUT_LIST.append(password)self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST)# self.render("bbs.html")一个小的注意事项:
如果不加参数?username=123&password=456直接访问:http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
会报错:
WARNING:tornado.general:400 GET /index (127.0.0.1): Missing argument username
WARNING:tornado.access:400 GET /index (127.0.0.1) 1.00ms def get(self):username= self.get_argument("username",None)password= self.get_argument("password",None)if username and password: # 如果不为空才添加INPUT_LIST.append(username)INPUT_LIST.append(password)self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST)向前端传值
def get(self):# self.write("Hello, world")username= self.get_argument("username",None)password= self.get_argument("password",None)if username and password:INPUT_LIST.append(username)INPUT_LIST.append(password)self.render("bbs.html",npm="NPM",names=INPUT_LIST)<h1>{{ npm }}h1>模板判断语句
<h1>展示数据h1>{% for name in names %}{% if name == "maotai" %}<li style="color:yellow">{{ name }}li>{% else %}<li>{{ name }}li>{% end %}{% end %}
ul>模板函数uimethod
添加uimethod.py
def func(self,arg):return arg.lower()设置主程序关联函数
import uimethod as mtsettings = {"template_path":"template","static_path":"static","ui_methods": mt,
}模板里调用
<h1>{{func(npm)}}h1>模板函数uimodule
新建uimodule.py
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escapeclass custom(UIModule):def render(self, *args, **kwargs):return "12345"import uimodule as mdsettings = {"template_path":"template","static_path":"static","ui_methods": mt,"ui_modules": md,
}{% module custom() %}</h3>
模板语法小结:
模板语言支持
+ {{}}
+ {%%}
+ 自定义方式 uimethod uimodule
tornado内置函数
Tornado默认提供的这些功能其实本质上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule
escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名
json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名
squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名
linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名
datetime: Python 的 datetime 模组
handler: 当前的 RequestHandler 对象
request: handler.request 的別名
current_user: handler.current_user 的別名
locale: handler.locale 的別名
_: handler.locale.translate 的別名
static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名
xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名带escape 是转义的意思,涉及到xss攻击
handler.request == self.request 相当于uimethod的
内置函数使用实例–static url:客户端浏览器缓存
静态文件缓存效果图
回顾一下static_url_prefix
settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/sss/', # 如果使用了static_url,这里会自动添加, 如果没用static_url_prefix,在调用css时候,需要手动在html里prefix这个,如``` ```
}前端页面调用 static_url(),做静态缓存
<style rel="stylesheet" href='{{ static_url("common.css") }}'>style>
<script src='{{ static_url("maotai.js")}}'>script>
类比下刚刚用到的uimethod用法{{func(npm)}}
模板引擎的实质
整个过程其实就是将一个html转换成一个函数，并为该函数提供全局变量，然后执行该函数！！
test.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8namespace= {"name":"maotai","data":[11,22,33]}
code = '''def hellocode():return "name %s,age %d"%(name,data[0])'''func = compile(code,'' ,"exec")exec(func,namespace)result=namespace['hellocode']()
print (result)
简言之理解:
通过namespace执行函数,而在执行函数前,函数所使用的全局变量已经定义了.
namespace= {"name":"maotai","data":[11,22,33],'hellocode':def hellocode():return "name %s,age %d"%(name,data[0])}本文来自互联网用户投稿，文章观点仅代表作者本人，不代表本站立场，不承担相关法律责任。如若转载，请注明出处。 如若内容造成侵权/违法违规/事实不符，请点击【内容举报】进行投诉反馈！