异常点检测系列之IsolationForest 算法及其实现

    "An outlier is an observation which deviates so much from other observations as to arouse suspicions that it was generated by a different mechanism."

    异常检测 (anomaly detection)，或者又被称为“离群点检测” (outlier detection)，是机器学习研究领域中跟现实紧密联系、有广泛应用需求的一类问题。但是，什么是异常，并没有标准答案，通常因具体应用场景而异。

通常我们定义“异常”的两个标准或者说假设：

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.ensemble import IsolationForest
from scipy import statsrng = np.random.RandomState(42)# 构造训练样本
n_samples = 200  #样本总数
outliers_fraction = 0.25  #异常样本比例
n_inliers = int((1. - outliers_fraction) * n_samples)
n_outliers = int(outliers_fraction * n_samples)X = 0.3 * rng.randn(n_inliers // 2, 2)
X_train = np.r_[X + 2, X - 2]   #正常样本
X_train = np.r_[X_train, np.random.uniform(low=-6, high=6, size=(n_outliers, 2))]  #正常样本加上异常样本# fit the model
clf = IsolationForest(max_samples=n_samples, random_state=rng, contamination=outliers_fraction)
clf.fit(X_train)
# y_pred_train = clf.predict(X_train)
scores_pred = clf.decision_function(X_train)
threshold = stats.scoreatpercentile(scores_pred, 100 * outliers_fraction)  #根据训练样本中异常样本比例，得到阈值，用于绘图# plot the line, the samples, and the nearest vectors to the plane
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-7, 7, 50), np.linspace(-7, 7, 50))
Z = clf.decision_function(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)plt.title("IsolationForest")
# plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Blues_r)
plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, levels=np.linspace(Z.min(), threshold, 7), cmap=plt.cm.Blues_r)  #绘制异常点区域，值从最小的到阈值的那部分
a = plt.contour(xx, yy, Z, levels=[threshold], linewidths=2, colors='red')  #绘制异常点区域和正常点区域的边界
plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, levels=[threshold, Z.max()], colors='palevioletred')  #绘制正常点区域，值从阈值到最大的那部分b = plt.scatter(X_train[:-n_outliers, 0], X_train[:-n_outliers, 1], c='white',s=20, edgecolor='k')
c = plt.scatter(X_train[-n_outliers:, 0], X_train[-n_outliers:, 1], c='black',s=20, edgecolor='k')
plt.axis('tight')
plt.xlim((-7, 7))
plt.ylim((-7, 7))
plt.legend([a.collections[0], b, c],['learned decision function', 'true inliers', 'true outliers'],loc="upper left")
plt.show()

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