arduino数字时钟元件_数字元器件基础

arduino数字时钟元件

In this tutorial we will learn about the basics of Digital computers. We will cover Integrated Circuits, Digital Logic family, Encoder and Decoder etc.

在本教程中，我们将学习数字计算机的基础知识。 我们将涵盖集成电路，数字逻辑系列，编码器和解码器等。

集成电路(IC) (Integrated Circuit(IC))

Complex digital circuits are constructed with integrated circuits. IC is a small silicon semiconductor crystal, called a chip, containing the electronic components for the digital gates. The various gates are interconnected inside the chip to form the required circuit. The chip is mounted in a ceramic or plastic container and the connections are welded to the external pins to form an IC. The number of pins of IC vary from 14 to several thousand. Each pin is identified by a unique number printed on its body.

复杂的数字电路由集成电路构成。 IC是一种小的硅半导体晶体，称为芯片，其中包含用于数字门的电子组件。 各个栅极在芯片内部互连以形成所需的电路。 芯片安装在陶瓷或塑料容器中，并且将连接焊接到外部引脚以形成IC。 IC的引脚数从14到几千不等。 每个插针都通过印在其本体上的唯一数字来标识。

集成电路类别 (Categories of Integrated Circuits)

1. SSI(Small Scale Integration Device)

   SSI(小型集成设备)

2. It contains several independent gates in a single package. The inputs and outputs of gates are connected directly to the pins in the package. The number of gates is usually less than 10.

   它在一个封装中包含多个独立的门。 门的输入和输出直接连接到封装中的引脚。 闸门的数量通常少于10。

3. MSI(Medium Scale Integration Device)

   MSI(中等规模集成设备)

4. It contains 10 to 200 gates in a single package. They perform elementary digital functions such as decoders, adders, registers.

   它在一个封装中包含10至200个门。 它们执行基本的数字功能，例如解码器，加法器，寄存器。

5. LSI(Large Scale Integration Device)

   LSI(大型集成设备)

6. It contains gates between 200 to few thousand in a single package. They include digital systems such as processors, memory chips etc.

   它在单个封装中包含200至数千个门。 它们包括数字系统，例如处理器，存储芯片等。

7. VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration Device)

   VLSI(大型集成设备)

8. It contains thousands of gates within a single package such as microcomputer chip.

   它在单个封装(例如微型计算机芯片)中包含数千个门。

9. ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration Device)

   ULSI(超大规模集成设备)

10. It contains hundred of thousands of gates within a single package such as microcomputer chip.

    它在单个封装(如微型计算机芯片)中包含数十万个门。

数字逻辑系列 (Digital Logic Family)

IC's are also classified by the specific circuit technology to which they belong. The basic circuit in each technology is NAND, NOR, NOT gates.

IC也通过它们所属的特定电路技术进行分类。 每种技术的基本电路是NAND ， NOR ， NOT门。

The earliest logic family was Resistor-transistor logic which used a resistor as input and a transistor as switching device.

最早的逻辑系列是电阻-晶体管逻辑 ，它使用电阻作为输入，并使用晶体管作为开关器件。

Diode-transistor logic is a direct ancestor of the Transistor-transistor logic, and used a diode for logic functions while a transistor for amplifying functions.

二极管-晶体管逻辑是晶体管-晶体管逻辑的直接祖先，并且二极管用于逻辑功能，而晶体管用于放大功能。

TTL(晶体管逻辑) (TTL(Transistor Transistor Logic))

It is the modified form of DTL(Diode Transistor Logic), invented in 1961 by James L Buie. The diodes were replaced by transistor to improve the circuit operation. It is called transistor-transistor logic because transistor performs both the logic fucntion and the amplifying function.

它是James L Buie于1961年发明的DTL(二极管晶体管逻辑)的修改形式。 用晶体管代替了二极管以改善电路操作。 之所以称为晶体管晶体管逻辑，是因为晶体管既执行逻辑功能又执行放大功能。

Above figure is two inputs TTL NAND gate with one output.

上图是两个输入TTL与非门，一个输出。

优点： (Advantages:)

• TTL circuits are fast.

  TTL电路速度很快。

• Low propagation delay.

  低传播延迟。

• Power dissipation does not depend upon the frequency.

  功耗不取决于频率。

其他一些要点： (Some other Important points:)

• TTL circuits consume more power when at rest(i.e. not being used), but as mentioned earlier, that the power dissipation does not depend on frequency, hence the power speed does not increase with clock speed as fast as for other CMOS devices.

  TTL电路在静止时(即不使用)会消耗更多的功率，但是如前所述，功耗不依赖于频率，因此功耗不会随着时钟速度的增加而像其他CMOS器件一样快。

• Compared to ECL circuits, TTL uses less power but is comparitively slower.

  与ECL电路相比，TTL消耗的功率更少，但比较慢。

• TTL is less prone to damage due to electrostatic discharge than the early CMOS devices.

  与早期的CMOS器件相比，TTL不太容易因静电放电而损坏。

• Before VLSI devices, TTL circuits were used in the construction of processors for mini-computers and mainframe processors.

  在VLSI器件之前，TTL电路被用于小型计算机和大型机处理器的构造。

• While in use, many sub-types of TTL circuits were made, like Low-power TTL(less power consumption, but reduced speed), High-speed TTL, Schottky TTL(with improved switching time) etc.

  在使用过程中，制造了许多类型的TTL电路，例如低功耗TTL (功耗较小，但速度降低)， 高速TTL ， 肖特基TTL (具有改善的开关时间)等。

ECL(发射极耦合逻辑) (ECL(Emitter Coupled Logic))

It provides highest speed digital circuits. It is used in systems such as supercomputers and signal processors where high speed is required. ECL uses overdriven BJT(Bipolar juntion Transistors) in its circuit.

它提供了最快的数字电路。 它用于需要高速的系统，例如超级计算机和信号处理器。 ECL在其电路中使用了过驱动的BJT(双极结晶体管)。

Above figure is two input ECL gate.

上图是两个输入ECL门。

优点： (Advantages:)

• ECL is the fastest logic family.

  ECL是最快的逻辑系列。

• Propagation delay is very less.

  传播延迟非常小。

• Noise margin is low.

  噪声容限低。

其他一些要点： (Some other Important points:)

• In ECL circuit, each gate continuosly draws current even when inactive, hence power consumption is more as compared to other logic families.

  在ECL电路中，即使不活动时，每个门也会连续汲取电流，因此与其他逻辑系列相比功耗更大。

• The large current requirement of ECL is contant and does not depend on the state of the circuit, which is the reason for lower power noise.

  ECL的大电流需求是持续的，并且不依赖于电路的状态，这是降低电源噪声的原因。

MOS(金属氧化物半导体) (MOS(Metal Oxide Semiconductor))

It depends upon the flow of one type of carriers (electrons or holes). It is basically of two types: PMOS and NMOS. A p-channel MOS is called PMOS and n-channel MOS is called NMOS.

它取决于一种类型的载流子(电子或空穴)的流动。 它基本上有两种类型： PMOS和NMOS 。 p沟道MOS称为PMOS，n沟道MOS称为NMOS。

Just like any other FET(Field Effect Transistor), they have 4 terminals: Gate, Drain, Source and Substrate.

就像其他场效应晶体管一样，它们具有4个端子：栅极，漏极，源极和衬底。

They have four modes of operation: cut-off (or subthreshold), triode, saturation (sometimes called active), and velocity saturation.

它们具有四种工作模式： 截止 (或亚阈值)， 三极管 ， 饱和(有时称为有源)和速度饱和 。

PMOS transistors operate by creating an inversion layer in an n-type transistor body. This inversion layer, called the p-channel, can conduct holes between p-type "source" and "drain" terminals. Similarly, NMOS Transistors functions by creating an n-channel(inversion layer) in a p-type transistor body.

PMOS晶体管通过在n型晶体管主体中创建反转层来进行操作。 称为p沟道的此反型层可以在p型“源极”和“漏极”端子之间导通空穴。 类似地，NMOS晶体管通过在p型晶体管主体中创建n沟道(反转层)来发挥作用。

CMOS(免费MOS) (CMOS(Complimentary MOS))

It also falls under the category of MOS, used to construct Integrated Circuits. It uses both P and N channel MOS. It is also known as COS-MOS(Complementary-symmetry metal oxide semiconductor), as it uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOS for logic functions. It is used in systems which require low power consumption.

它还属于用于构建集成电路的MOS类别。 它同时使用P和N沟道MOS。 它也被称为COS-MOS(互补对称金属氧化物半导体)，因为它使用互补和对称的p型和n型MOS对来实现逻辑功能。 它用于要求低功耗的系统。

Above figure is two input ECL gate.

上图是两个输入ECL门。

优点： (Advantages:)

• Noise margin is high.

  噪声容限高。

• Power dissipation is low.

  功耗低。

• Waste heat production is very less as compared to other logic families.

  与其他逻辑系列相比，废热的产生要少得多。

• CMOS allows high density integration of logic functions on a chip.

  CMOS允许在芯片上高密度集成逻辑功能。

解码器 (Decoders)

A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n coded inputs to 2^n outputs. Commercial decoders include one or more enable (E) inputs to control the operation of circuit. The decoder is enabled when E is equal to 1 and disabled when E is equal to 0.

解码器是将二进制信息从n个编码输入转换为2 ^ n个输出的组合电路。 商业解码器包括一个或多个使能(E)输入，以控制电路的操作。 当E等于1时启用解码器，而当E等于0时禁用解码器。

• Used in code converters.

  用于代码转换器。

• Used to implement Boolean functions.

  用于实现布尔函数。

编码器 (Encoders)

An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2^n input lines and n output lines. It converts octal input to binary digits.

编码器是执行解码器逆操作的数字电路。 编码器具有2 ^ n条输入线和n条输出线。 它将八进制输入转换为二进制数字。

编码器类型 (Types of Encoders)

• Priority encoders.

  优先编码器。

• Decimal to BCD encoder.

  十进制转换为BCD编码器。

• Octal to binary encoder.

  八进制到二进制编码器。

• Hexadecimal to binary encoder.

  十六进制到二进制编码器。

优点： (Advantages:)

• Highly reliable and accurate.

  高度可靠和准确。

• Low-cost feedback.

  低成本的反馈。

• High resolution.

  高分辨率。

• Integrated electronics.

  集成电子产品。

• Fuses optical and digital technology.

  融合光学和数字技术。

• Can be incorporated into existing applications.

  可以合并到现有应用程序中。

• Compact size.

  体积小巧。

缺点： (Disadvantages:)

• Subject to magnetic or radio interference(Magnetic Encoders).

  受到电磁或无线电干扰(磁性编码器)。

• Direct light source interference(Optical Encoders).

  直接光源干扰(光学编码器)。

• Susceptible to dirt, oil and dust contaminates.

  容易被污垢，油和灰尘污染。

复用器 (Multiplexer)

A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that receives binary information from one of the 2^n input lines and directs it to a single output line.

多路复用器是一种组合电路，可从2 ^ n条输入线之一接收二进制信息，并将其定向到一条输出线。

优点： (Advantages:)

• It reduces number of wires.

  它减少了导线数量。

• It reduces circuit complexity and cost.

  它降低了电路复杂度和成本。

• It simplifies logic design.

  它简化了逻辑设计。

• We can implement many combinational circuits using MUX.

  我们可以使用MUX实现许多组合电路。

• It does not need k-maps and simplification.

  它不需要k-map和简化。

缺点： (Disadvantages:)

• The following disadvantages arise while using multiplexer chips to expand I/O ports on an Arduino:

  使用多路复用器芯片扩展Arduino上的I / O端口时会出现以下缺点：

• Added delays in switching ports.

  增加了交换端口的延迟。

• Added delays in I/O signals propagating through the multiplexer.

  增加了通过多路复用器传播的I / O信号的延迟。

• Limitations on which ports can be used simultaneously.

  可以同时使用哪些端口的限制。

• Added firmware complexity to handle switching ports.

  增加了固件复杂性以处理交换端口。

• Extra I/O ports required to control the multiplexer.

  控制多路复用器需要额外的I / O端口。

翻译自: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-architecture/basics-of-digital-components

arduino数字时钟元件

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